Effects of CuO nano powder on performance improvement and entropy production of double-pipe heat exchanger with innovative perforated turbulators

The objective of the present numerical study is to investigate heat transfer enhancement, entropy generation, and thermal performance turbulent nanofluids inside double-pipe exchangers equipped with novel perforated cylindrical turbulators. Effects inflow velocity, CuO nanoparticles volume fraction index are evaluated on Nusselt number, friction loss, factor (?), viscous irreversibilities exchangers. newly proposed turbulators nanopowder ? = 1.5% provide ? 1.931, which considerably higher than other previous studies. results show that raising PI reduces kinetic energy, especially in outer regions turbulator. jet formation near walls perforations primary physical reason for this. generation increased up 153.0% by increasing Re number from 6,000 17,000 8% DR 0.7. Thermal boundary layer disruption enhancement.